International Relations (I R)
I R 104 Introduction to International Relations: Politics, Economics, Environment, and People (Units: 3)
Description and analysis of ongoing global forces and events in the world. Focus on contemporary issues such as development, nationalism, revolution, war and peace, and climate change as they relate to overall patterns in international relations.
Course Attributes:
- D1: Social Sciences
- Environmental Sustainability
- Global Perspectives
- Social Justice
I R 112 Quantitative Reasoning for Civic Engagement (Units: 3)
Prerequisites: First-Year Math Advising Module.
(Note: For this course to satisfy General Education, students must earn a grade of C- or CR or better.)
(This course is offered as LCA 112/PHIL 112/PLSI 112/HIST 112/I R 112/MATH 112. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- B4: Math/QR
- Social Justice
I R 201 International Relations Through Cinema (Units: 3)
Exploration of how key issues and topics in international relations are depicted in international cinema. Introduction to basic concepts in international relations through a common and highly accessible medium, feature film.
(This course is offered as I R 201 and CINE 101. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- D1: Social Sciences
- Global Perspectives
I R 202 Asian Popular Culture in Global Perspective (Units: 4)
Introduction to Asian popular culture from comparative and international perspectives. Examine sources, drivers, and impact, focusing on historical, sectoral, and regional trends in the global influence of Asian culture. Cases include entertainment, media, and sports; Chinese, Japanese, and Korean popular culture; and implications for Asian, Western, and non-Western worlds.
(This course is offered as I R 202 and CINE 103. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
I R 207 Global Diplomacy and Multilateral Negotiations (Units: 4)
Introduction to the basics of diplomatic practice and real-world aspects of work in embassies, consulates, government agencies, international organizations, and global NGOs. Focus on creating skills for the next generation of future diplomats. Topics include negotiation, multilateral diplomacy, cyber diplomacy, and cross-cultural communication.
I R 208 Fundamentals of International Relations Theories, Issues, and Perspectives (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: I R 104*.
I R 220 Understanding International Relations through Sports (Units: 4)
Examines the past and present social, political, and economic relations that are involved in different sports (e.g. baseball, football/soccer, basketball, and wrestling) in the United States and around the world. Explore the different organizations that govern sports such as the National Football League (NFL), the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), and the International Olympic Committee. Through analyzing the politics and international relations of sports, discuss the different movements that have pushed for racial and gender equality, not only in the US, but around the world.
I R 255 Religion and World Politics (Units: 3)
Examination of how religion and politics affect each other across the world. Focus on national identities, social movements, insurgencies and terrorism, migration, and wars. Writings by journalists and public intellectuals will receive attention.
I R 259 Children and Youth in International Relations (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: GE Area A2* or permission of the instructors.
Course Attributes:
- E: Lifelong Learning Develop
- Global Perspectives
- Social Justice
I R 260 History and Cultures of Iran (Units: 3)
Prerequisite: First-year composition or equivalent or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as PRSN 260 and I R 260. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- C2: Humanities
- Global Perspectives
I R 303 Post-Western World: Political, Economic, and Cultural Challenges (Unit: 1)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing.
I R 305 Global Politics of Science, Technology, and Health (Units: 4)
Prerequisites: GE Areas A1*, A2*, A3*, and B4* all with grades of C- or better; I R 104 or equivalent; or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as I R 305 and BIOL 305. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- UD-D: Social Sciences
- Environmental Sustainability
- Global Perspectives
I R 306 Crisis in Central America: U.S. Policy and the Root Causes of Chaos (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing.
(This course is offered as I R 306 and C J 306. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- Am. Ethnic & Racial Minorities
- Global Perspectives
- Social Justice
I R 307 Qualitative Methods in Political Science and International Relations (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as PLSI 307 and I R 307. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
I R 309 International Relations Writing Workshop (Unit: 1)
Prerequisites: Upper-division International Relations majors; GE Area A2; I R 208; concurrent enrollment in IR 309GW*.
I R 309GW International Relations Analysis and Application - GWAR (Units: 3)
Prerequisites: Upper-division International Relations majors; GE Area A2; I R 208*; concurrent enrollment in IR 309*.
Course Attributes:
- Graduation Writing Assessment
I R 310 U.S. Foreign Policy (Units: 4)
Prerequisites: GE Areas A1*, A2*, A3*, and B4* all with grades of C- or better or permission of the instructor.
Course Attributes:
- UD-D: Social Sciences
- Am. Ethnic & Racial Minorities
- Global Perspectives
I R 312 Introduction to International Political Economy (Units: 4)
Prerequisites: Upper-division standing; I R 104.
I R 315 Introduction to Global Peace Studies (Units: 3)
Prerequisites: GE Areas A1*, A2*, A3*, and B4* all with grades of C- or better; one lower-division composition course; or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as GPS 315, I R 315, and PHIL 315. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- UD-C: Arts and/or Humanities
- Environmental Sustainability
- Global Perspectives
- Social Justice
I R 321 Development and Foreign Policy: Africa (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing.
(This course is offered as I R 321 and PLSI 321. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
I R 322 Policy Analysis: The Latin American Cases (Units: 4)
Prerequisites: GE Areas A1*, A2*, A3*, and B4* all with grades of C- or better or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as I R 322 and PLSI 322. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- UD-D: Social Sciences
- Global Perspectives
- Social Justice
I R 323 The Persian Gulf in International Relations (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing.
I R 324 Middle East and North Africa in International Relations (Units: 4)
Prerequisites: GE Areas A1*, A2*, A3*, and B4* all with grades of C- or better or permission of the instructor.
Course Attributes:
- UD-D: Social Sciences
- Environmental Sustainability
- Global Perspectives
I R 325 Chinese Foreign Policy (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Restricted to upper-division standing.
(This course is offered as I R 325 and PLSI 325. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
I R 327 Europe: Forming a More Perfect Union (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing.
(This course is offered as I R 327 and PLSI 327. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- Global Perspectives
I R 330 World Law (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing.
(This course is offered as I R 330 and IBUS 332. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
I R 331 Global Environmental Crisis (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing.
(This course is offered as I R 331 and ENVS 331. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- Environmental Sustainability
- Global Perspectives
- Social Justice
I R 334 International Organizations: New World Order (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing.
(This course is offered as I R 334 and IBUS 334. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
I R 335 Muslim Societies in Transnational Perspective (Units: 4)
Prerequisites: GE Areas A1*, A2*, A3*, and B4* all with grades of C- or better or permission of the instructor.
Course Attributes:
- UD-D: Social Sciences
- Am. Ethnic & Racial Minorities
- Global Perspectives
I R 336 Politics of Globalization (Units: 4)
Prerequisites: GE Areas A1*, A2*, A3*, and B4* all with grades of C- or better; I R 104*; or permission of the instructor.
Course Attributes:
- UD-D: Social Sciences
- Global Perspectives
I R 337 Introduction to the European Union (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as I R 337 and PLSI 432. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
I R 341 Comparative Criminal Justice (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Restricted to upper-division standing or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as C J 340 and I R 341. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
I R 342 Modern Conflict: Cyber Warfare, Food Security, and Crises in the International System (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing.
(This course is offered as I R 342 and PLSI 342. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
I R 345 Conflict and Cooperation in Asia (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Restricted to upper-division standing.
(This course is offered as I R 345 and MLL 345. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
I R 346 Europe since 1914 (Units: 3)
Prerequisites: Upper-division standing; GE Areas A1*, A2*, A3*, and B4* all with grades of C- or better; GE Area E; or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as HIST 346 and I R 346. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- UD-D: Social Sciences
- Global Perspectives
I R 357 Fascism and Communism in Europe (Units: 4)
Prerequisites: GE Areas A1*, A2*, A3*, and B4* all with grades of C- or better or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as PLSI 396 and I R 357. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- UD-D: Social Sciences
- Global Perspectives
I R 360 Intelligence and Intelligence Agencies (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing.
(This course is offered as I R 360 and C J 360. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
I R 361 Terrorism and Covert Political Warfare (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Restricted to upper-division standing or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as C J 461 and I R 361. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
I R 362 The Making of US Foreign Policy (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing; GE Area A2; C J 200 or I R 310 or PLSI 200; or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as I R 362, PLSI 362, and C J 362. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- Global Perspectives
I R 363 Cultural Expression in Islam (Units: 3)
Prerequisites: GE Areas A1*, A2*, A3*, and B4* all with grades of C- or better or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as HUM 361 and I R 363. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- UD-C: Arts and/or Humanities
- Global Perspectives
I R 372 Critical Political Theory (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as PLSI 372, HUM 372, and I R 372. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
I R 395 International History 1814-1918 (Units: 3)
Prerequisites: GE Areas A1*, A2*, A3*, and B4* all with grades of C- or better or graduate standing or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as HIST 395 [Formerly HIST 389]/I R 395. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- UD-D: Social Sciences
- Global Perspectives
I R 404 Politics of China (Units: 4)
Prerequisites: GE Areas A1*, A2*, A3*, and B4* all with grades of C- or better or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as PLSI 404 and I R 404. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- UD-D: Social Sciences
- Global Perspectives
I R 407 Politics of Russia (Units: 4)
Prerequisites: GE Areas A1*, A2*, A3*, and B4* all with grades of C- or better or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as PLSI 407 and I R 407. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- UD-D: Social Sciences
- Global Perspectives
I R 409 Russia and World Order (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing or consent of the instructor.
(This course is offered as I R 409 and PLSI 409. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- Global Perspectives
I R 411 East Asian Politics (Units: 4)
Prerequisites: GE Areas A1*, A2*, A3*, and B4* all with grades of C- or better or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as PLSI 411 and I R 411. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- UD-D: Social Sciences
- Global Perspectives
I R 412 South Asian Politics (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing.
(This course is offered as PLSI 412 and I R 412. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- Global Perspectives
I R 413 Media Chinese (Units: 3)
Prerequisite: CHIN 401 or consent of the instructor.
(This course is offered as CHIN 411, I R 413, and JOUR 411. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- Global Perspectives
I R 415 Iranian Media in English (Units: 3)
Prerequisites: GE Areas A1*, A2*, A3*, and B4* all with grades of C- or better or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as PRSN 411 and I R 415. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- UD-C: Arts and/or Humanities
- Global Perspectives
I R 416 Ethnicity and Nationalism (Units: 4)
Prerequisites: GE Areas A1*, A2*, A3*, and B4* all with grades of C- or better or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as PLSI 416 and I R 416. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- UD-D: Social Sciences
- Global Perspectives
I R 422 Law and Courts in Comparative Perspective (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing; GE Areas A1, A2, A3, and B4 all with grades of C- or better; or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as PLSI 422 and I R 422. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- Global Perspectives
I R 424 Social Movements (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as PLSI 424, SOC 424, and I R 424. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
I R 425 Imagining Power in the Middle East (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as PLSI 425 and I R 425. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- Global Perspectives
I R 428 International Political Economy of Food and Hunger (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as I R 428 and GEOG 428. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
I R 430 Israeli Democracy: Politics, Institutions, and Society (Units: 3)
Prerequisites: GE Areas A1*, A2*, A3*, and B4* all with grades of C- or better or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as JS 430, I R 430, and PLSI 430. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- UD-D: Social Sciences
- Global Perspectives
I R 432 Model United Nations (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing.
(This course is offered as I R 432 and JOUR 432. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
I R 435 Politics of Global Finance and Crisis (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as PLSI 435, I R 435, and FIN 435. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
I R 436 Human Rights in Global Perspective (Units: 3)
Prerequisites: GE Areas A1*, A2*, A3*, and B4* all with grades of C- or better or permission of the instructor.
(This course is as PHIL 435 and I R 436. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- UD-C: Arts and/or Humanities
- Global Perspectives
- Social Justice
I R 445 Geopolitics and Globalization (Units: 3)
Prerequisites: GE Areas A1*, A2*, A3*, and B4* all with grades of C- or better or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as GEOG 445 and I R 445. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- UD-D: Social Sciences
I R 446 The Multinational Corporation in World Affairs (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing.
I R 450 International Labor (Units: 3)
Prerequisites: Upper-division standing; LABR 250; or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as LABR 550 and I R 450. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
I R 452 International Media Politics (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Restricted to upper-division standing.
(This course is offered as I R 452, JOUR 452, and BECA 451. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- Social Justice
I R 453 Women and Media in International Relations (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing.
I R 459 Refugees in Global Perspective (Units: 4)
Prerequisites: GE Areas A1*, A2*, A3*, and B4* all with grades of C- or better or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as I R 459/PLSI 459. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- UD-C: Arts and/or Humanities
- Am. Ethnic & Racial Minorities
- Global Perspectives
I R 460 Rising Powers (Units: 4)
Prerequisites: Upper-division standing; I R 104; or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as I R 460 and HIST 430. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
I R 500 International Broadcasting (Units: 3)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing.
(This course is offered as BECA 500 and I R 500. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
I R 514 Political Violence and Terrorism in German History, Film, and Visual Media (Units: 3)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as GER 514, HIST 514, I R 514, and PLSI 514. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
I R 517 Legal Environment of World Business (Units: 3)
Prerequisite: IBUS 330 with a grade of C- or better or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as IBUS 517 and I R 517. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
I R 530 The Arab-Israeli Conflict (Units: 3)
Prerequisites: GE Areas A1*, A2*, A3*, and B4* all with grades of C- or better or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as JS 560 and I R 530. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- UD-D: Social Sciences
- Global Perspectives
I R 540 Rich and Poor Nations: Legacies of Slavery and Colonialism (Units: 4)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing.
I R 544 Women in the World (Units: 4)
Prerequisites: GE Areas A1*, A2*, A3*, and B4* all with grades of C- or better or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as I R 544 and PLSI 544. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
Course Attributes:
- UD-D: Social Sciences
- Global Perspectives
- Social Justice
I R 550 Senior Thesis in International Relations (Units: 6)
Prerequisites: Restricted to upper-division International Relations majors and minors; I R 208*, I R 309GW*, I R 310*, I R 312*; or permission of the instructor.
I R 566 Careers in International Business (Units: 3)
Prerequisite: Junior standing or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as IBUS 566 and IR 566. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
I R 601 Lectures on Contemporary Global Issues (Unit: 1)
Prerequisite: Restricted to upper-division standing.
I R 605 Get Ready for a Career in International Relations (Units: 2)
Prerequisite for I R 705: Graduate standing.
Prerequisites for I R 605: Restricted to upper-division standing; GPA of 3.0 or better; or permission of the instructor.
(I R 605/I R 705 is a paired course offering. Students who complete the course at one level may not repeat the course at the other level.)
I R 609 Colloquium in International Relations (Unit: 1)
Prerequisite for I R 709: Graduate standing.
Prerequisite for I R 609: Restricted to upper-division standing; GPA of 3.0 or better; or permission of the instructor.
(I R 609/I R 709 is a paired course offering. Students who complete the course at one level may not repeat the course at the other level.)
I R 635 Economics of Globalization (Units: 3)
Prerequisites: ECON 101 and ECON 102 or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as ECON 635 and I R 635. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
I R 640 Field Study in International Relations (Units: 1-5)
Prerequisite: Upper-division standing.
I R 685 Teaching Observer Practicum in International Relations (Units: 1-4)
Prerequisites:International Relations majors; I R 104 and I R 208; minimum 3.3 GPA in instructional-related course; permission of the instructor.
(Students may earn a maximum of 4 units toward the baccalaureate degree for any course(s) numbered 685 regardless of discipline.)
I R 699 Independent Study (Units: 1-4)
Prerequisite: Permission of the major adviser, supervising faculty member, and department chair. Enrollment by petition. Open only to students who have demonstrated the ability to do independent work.
I R 705 Get Ready for a Career in International Relations (Units: 2)
Prerequisite for I R 705: Graduate standing.
Prerequisites for I R 605: Restricted to upper-division standing; GPA of 3.0 or better; or permission of the instructor.
(I R 605/I R 705 is a paired course offering. Students who complete the course at one level may not repeat the course at the other level.)
I R 708 Teaching Observer Practicum in International Relations (Units: 3)
Prerequisites: Graduate standing in International Relations; completion of instructionally related course with B+ or better; permission of the instructor.
I R 709 Colloquium in International Relations (Unit: 1)
Prerequisite for I R 709: Graduate standing.
Prerequisite for I R 609: Restricted to upper-division standing; GPA of 3.0 or better; or permission of the instructor.
(I R 609/I R 709 is a paired course offering. Students who complete the course at one level may not repeat the course at the other level.)
I R 720 Theory and Approaches in International Relations (Units: 3)
Prerequisite: Graduate standing or permission of the instructor.
I R 725 The Analysis of Foreign Policy (Units: 3)
Prerequisite: Graduate standing or permission of the instructor.
I R 728 International Political Economy (Units: 3)
Prerequisite: Graduate standing or permission of the instructor.
I R 731 Politics of Multinational Corporations (Units: 3)
Prerequisite: Graduate standing or permission of the instructor.
I R 733 Intelligence and Foreign Policy (Units: 3)
Prerequisite: Graduate standing or permission of the instructor.
I R 734 International Migration (Units: 3)
Prerequisite: Graduate standing or permission of the instructor.
I R 735 Seminar in Global Environmental Policy (Units: 3)
Prerequisite: Graduate standing or permission of the instructor.
(This course is offered as I R 735 and GEOG 735. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)
I R 736 International Development and Global Governance (Units: 3)
Prerequisite: Graduate standing or permission of the instructor.
I R 738 Contemporary International Legal Issues (Units: 3)
Prerequisite: Graduate standing or permission of the instructor.
I R 739 International Security (Units: 3)
Prerequisite: Graduate standing or permission of the instructor.
I R 741 Africa (Units: 3)
Prerequisite: Graduate standing or permission of the instructor.
I R 742 Seminar on American Foreign Policy (Units: 3)
Prerequisite: Graduate standing or permission of the instructor.
I R 743 Seminar in Chinese Foreign Policy (Units: 3)
Prerequisite: Graduate standing or permission of the instructor.
I R 745 Latin America (Units: 3)
Prerequisite: Graduate standing or permission of the instructor.
I R 746 The Middle East (Units: 3)
Prerequisite: Graduate standing or permission of the instructor.
I R 747 Russia and the World (Units: 3)
Prerequisite: Graduate standing or permission of the instructor.
I R 749 Asia and the World System (Units: 3)
Prerequisite: Graduate standing or permission of the instructor.
I R 750 Methods and Thesis Selection in International Relations (Units: 3)
Prerequisites: Graduate standing; I R 720; or permission of the instructor.
I R 751 Data Analysis and Evaluation Research in International Relations (Units: 3)
Prerequisite: Restricted to graduate standing or permission of the instructor.
I R 892 Sponsored Graduate Internship in International Relations (Units: 3)
Prerequisites: Graduate standing; I R 720; permission of the instructor; and approval of Advancement to Candidacy (ATC) and Culminating Experience (CE) forms by Graduate Studies.
I R 898 Master's Thesis (Units: 3)
Prerequisites: Permission of the instructor and approval of Advancement to Candidacy (ATC) and Culminating Experience (CE) forms by Graduate Studies.
I R 899 Independent Study (Units: 1-3)
Prerequisite: Permission of the graduate major adviser, supervising faculty member, and department chair. Enrollment by petition.