Art (ART)

ART 210 Introduction to Digital Media Arts (Units: 3)

The fundamentals, principles, and tools for 2D/3D graphics, time-based media, and interactive art. Examination of aesthetics, visual and verbal language, and art historical and current practices in the media. Activity.

ART 222 Introduction to Textile Art (Units: 3)

Studio experiences correlating textile media with basic techniques and processes. Activity. Extra fee required.

ART 231 Introduction to Drawing (Units: 3)

Studio experiences with dry and wet materials. Visual translation of three-dimensional objects to a two-dimensional surface, as well as approaches to copying, abstraction, and pattern using linear, tonal and volumetric indication, and perspective, with attention to composition. Activity. Extra fee required.

ART 235 Introduction to Printmaking (Units: 3)

Studio experiences correlating drawing and printmaking media with basic techniques and processes. Activity. Extra fee required.

Course Attributes:

  • C1: Arts

ART 240 Introduction to Contemporary Sculpture (Units: 3)

Studio experiences exploring sculptural, theoretical, and visual processes using a variety of materials, methods, and context as a means of investigation. Emphasis on personal creative growth and development. Activity. Extra fee required.

Course Attributes:

  • C1: Arts

ART 245 Introduction to Ceramics (Units: 3)

Studio experiences correlating clay media with basic techniques and processes. Activity. Extra fee required.

Course Attributes:

  • C1: Arts

ART 260 Introduction to the Darkroom (Units: 3)

Introduction to black and white film processing, darkroom printing, operation of 35mm film cameras, and photography as a creative medium. 35mm camera with manually adjustable apertures and shutter speeds required. Activity. Extra fee required.

ART 310 Foundations in Digital Media Art (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to Art majors and minors; a 200-level ART course; or permission of the instructor.

Exploration and development of digital media and skills within an interdisciplinary studio art context with an emphasis on concept-driven strategies. Includes 2D and 3D graphics, time-based media (video/sound), and topics such as 3D printing, web development, Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, 360-degree video productions, and interactive media. Activity.

ART 319 Art Handling Workshop (Unit: 1)

Prerequisite: Upper-division standing or permission of the instructor.

Introduction to best and safe practices for preparing artworks for exhibition or transport. Hands-on practicum in a variety of methods and skills needed in the field of art handling and for personal art practice. Topics to be specified in the Class Schedule. May be repeated for a total of 6 units when topics vary. Activity. (Credit/No Credit)

Topics:

  1. Documenting Art: Photography, Scanning, Recording
  2. Art Packing: Travel Frames, Cavity Packs, Boxes
  3. Matting and Framing: 2-D Art Preparation
  4. Mount Making: 3D Printing, Rapid Prototyping
  5. Woodworking: Fabricating Pedestals and Crates
  6. Lighting and Installation: Professional Techniques

ART 322 Foundations in Fiber and Textiles (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to Art majors and minors; a 200-level ART class or equivalent; or permission of the instructor.

Further studio skills development in textile arts and design. Exploration of surface design, dyeing, fabrication, and building through technical exercises in hand manipulation of cloth, fiber, yarn, and other continuous elements. A range of contemporary, historical, and cultural textiles will be used as a touchstone for how contemporary creative work can be informed and contextualized. Activity.

ART 330 Foundations in Painting (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to Art majors and minors; ART 231* or equivalent.

Exploration and development of oil painting practice with an emphasis on translating three dimensions into two using color, value, and mark-making toward representational ends. Traditional and non-traditional approaches to starting, developing, and resolving paintings. How to distinguish and articulate quality and meaning in works of art. Activity. Extra fee required. [Formerly ART 430]

ART 335 Foundations in Printmaking Processes: Drawing the Multiple (Units: 3)

Prerequisite: Restricted to Art majors and minors; a 200-level ART class or equivalent; or permission of the instructor.

Overview of traditional printmaking processes that utilize drawing and the hand-made mark. Emphasis on developing students' fluency in materials and connecting printmaking processes and history with contemporary practice. Activity. Extra fee required.

ART 340 Foundations in Contemporary Sculpture: Materials & Concepts (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to Art majors and minors; a 200-level ART class; or permission of the instructor.

Development of contemporary sculpture material research and conceptual strategies. Emphasis on transferable skills, personal lexicon, and presentation. Emphasis on critiques, discussion, and critical discourse. Activity. Extra fee required. [Formerly ART 540]

ART 345 Foundations in Ceramics (Units: 3)

Prerequisite: Upper-division standing or permission of the instructor.

Foundations of ceramics including material, technique and applications, historic relevance, and contemporary art. Emphasis placed on process, hand-building construction techniques, experimentation, and context of ceramic works. Activity. Extra fee required.

ART 360 Foundations in Photography (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to Art majors and minors; one 200-level ART course or equivalent.

Digital camera operation, color photography, image processing, workflow, digital image processing, and inkjet printing. Combines technical exercises with conceptual themes in historical and contemporary photography. Digital camera required. Activity. Extra fee required. [Formerly ART 560]

ART 361 Foundations in Darkroom Photography (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to Art majors and minors; one 200-level ART course or equivalent.

Foundations of darkroom photography: black and white film processing, darkroom printing, archival practices, operation of 35mm and medium format film cameras, and photography as a creative medium. Combines technical exercises with conceptual themes in historical and contemporary photography. 35mm camera with manually adjustable apertures and shutter speeds required. Activity.

ART 380 Visiting Artist Lecture Series (Unit: 1)

Prerequisite: One GE Area A course.

Prominent contemporary artists present their creative and scholarly work. Through related research and short writing, artist's practices are contextualized in the field of contemporary art. May be repeated for a total of 3 units. (CR/NC grading only)

ART 410 Conceptual Art After Conceptual Art (Units: 3)

Prerequisite: Restricted to upper-division standing or permission of the instructor.

Interdisciplinary study rooted in conceptual practices, methods, and strategies. The primacy of ideas
and processes in studio work. Explore chance, public actions, performance, experiment with language
and text, and more. Studio work influenced by technology, art, culture, and everyday life. Activity. Extra
fee required.

ART 411 Interactive Arts (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to upper-division standing; ART 210 or ART 310; or permission of the instructor.

Skills, knowledge, concepts, and aesthetics in designing interactive artworks using basic electronics, microcomputers, and microcontrollers in a fine arts context. Activity. Extra fee required. [Formerly ART 311]

ART 413 Video Art (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to upper-division Art majors and minors; ART 210 or ART 310; or permission of the instructor.

Introduction to digital video art and sound, including video art production, history, and current practices. Activity. May be repeated for a total of 6 units. Extra fee required. [Formerly ART 513]

ART 422 Weaving I: Beginning (Units: 3)

Prerequisite: ART 222 or equivalent.

Basic weaving techniques using four harness looms. Activity. May be repeated for a total of 6 units on advisement. Extra fee required.

ART 423 Constructed Surfaces (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to upper-division Art majors and minors; ART 222.

Exploration in relief surface treatments using a variety of approaches incorporating textile-related techniques. Possibilities of raw materials and substrates for adhesion, integration or construction. The conceptual contribution that material selection and working process make. Activity. Extra fee required. (Plus-minus letter grade only)

ART 424 Surface Design Studio (Units: 3)

Prerequisite: ART 222 or equivalent.

Fundamental surface design techniques on fabric for producing two- and three-dimensional forms with emphasis on the design process and concept development. Studio activities from portfolio samples to larger fine art pieces are explored. May be repeated for a total of 6 units on advisement. Activity. Extra fee required.

ART 431 Intermediate Painting (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to Art majors and minors; ART 231* or ART 330* or equivalent.

Concepts, techniques, and disciplines of painting. Creating works on paper, with a focus on acrylic, gouache, and watercolor. Activity. Extra fee required.

ART 432 Further Explorations in Drawing (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to Art majors and minors; ART 231* or equivalent.

Drawing concepts and media. Activity. May be repeated for a total of 6 units. Extra fee required.

ART 433 Figure Drawing (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to Art majors and minors; ART 231* or equivalent.

Figure drawing concepts in varied media. Activity. May be repeated for a total of 6 units. Extra fee required.

ART 434 Color Workshop (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to Art majors and minors; ART 231* or ART 330* or equivalent.

Color vocabulary and theoretical concepts of color. Fundamental to painting and other disciplines. Pigments, dyes, and inks. Activity. Extra fee required.

ART 435 Intermediate Printmaking Workshop (Units: 3)

Prerequisite: ART 235 or ART 335 or equivalent.

Workshop in printmaking processes. Topics to be specified in the Class Schedule. Activity. May be repeated when topics vary. Extra fee required. [Formerly ART 436, ART 437, ART 438]

Topics:

  1. Relief
  2. Intaglio
  3. Lithography
  4. Monoprinting
  5. Photo printmaking

ART 439 Screen Printing (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to Art majors and minors; ART 235 or equivalent.

Screen printing processes that utilizing hand-drawn and photo-emulsion stencils with a focus on printing on paper and the role of screenprints in contemporary art. Activity. May be repeated for a total of 6 units. Extra fee required. (Plus-minus letter only)

ART 440 Sculpture and Expanded Practice (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to Art majors and minors; ART 240 or ART 340 or equivalent.

Further development of transferable skills, personal lexicon, and critical discourse in sculptural practice. Exploration of sculpture within the expanded field of contemporary art, including performance, installation, and social practice. Activity. May be repeated for a total of 6 units. Extra fee required.

ART 445 Ceramics on the Wheel (Units: 3)

Prerequisite: Restricted to upper-division Art majors.

Clay and glaze. Form exploration with wheel and hand-building techniques. Activity. May be repeated for a total of 12 units with permission of the instructor. Extra fee required.

ART 456 Studio X (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to upper-division Studio Art and Art: Concentration in Art History and Studio Art majors and Studio Art minors; one 300* or 400*-level art class; or permission of the instructor.

Expands on intellectual, academic, and career preparation in the School of Art. Provides an opportunity to experience and study with diverse art practitioners from the greater Bay Area region. Topics focus on issues such as social justice, equity, representation, opportunity, and decolonized creativity as they relate to a culturally shifting student body. Topics to be specified in the Class Schedule. May be repeated when topics vary for a total of 12 units. Activity.

Topics:

  1. Rooting Equity and Agency in Arts Practice
  2. Good Trouble
  3. Queering Art Practice and Creating Queer Futures

ART 460 Intermediate Photography (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to upper-division Art majors and minors; ART 260 or ART 360 recommended.

Black and white photochemical and digital processes that reflect evolving contemporary photographic practice. Topics may include, but are not limited, medium and large format camera operation, complex exposure techniques, studio lighting, analog and digital printing, image dissemination techniques, and the moving image. Activity. May be repeated for a total of 6 units. Extra fee required.

ART 509 Art Professional Service Practicum (Unit: 1)

Prerequisite: Restricted to upper-division Art majors and minors and Museum Studies minors.

Experience in studio art, art history, and gallery/museum fields for professional experience towards future career development and community involvement. Specific roles and responsibilities may include research assistant, gallery attendant, studio art production assistant. Activity. May be repeated for a total of 3 units. (CR/NCR grading only)

ART 511 Digital Media and Emerging Technologies: Special Areas (Units: 3)

Prerequisite: Restricted to upper-division Art majors and minors or permission of the instructor.

Examination of conceptual and theoretical aspects of digital media and emerging technologies for artists in relation to visual art practice. Topics to be specified in the Class Schedule. Activity. May be repeated when topics vary. Extra fee required.

Topics:

  1. Art and Theory in Technology
  2. Art and Cartography

ART 514 Experimental and Expanded Practices in Video Art (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to upper-division Art majors and minors; ART 413; or permission of the instructor.

Focus on working with new tools and strategies that expand the video medium. Topics include single and multiple channel format, installation, performance, interactivity, projection, mapping, or mobile formats. Activity. May be repeated for a total of 6 units. Extra fee required.

ART 525 Textiles Studio Process (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to upper-division Art majors or minors; ART 222, two upper-division ART courses; or permission of the instructor.

Advanced studio experience for self-guided studio projects and assignments. Exploration and investigation of technique and mechanics necessary to create fully resolved and in-depth works of art. Activity. May be repeated for a total of 6 units. Extra fee required. (Plus-minus letter grade only)

ART 527 Repeat Pattern for Fine Art (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to upper-division Art majors and minors; basic computer skills and familiarity with Photoshop and Illustrator; or permission of the instructor.

Studio experience exploring pattern repeat principles, mechanics, and creation toward contemporary uses in various disciplines of fine arts and design. Methods of producing repeat pattern, from handmade to computer-aided, are discussed and demonstrated. Activity. Extra fee required. (Plus-minus ABC/NC, CR/NC)

ART 530 Advanced Topics in Painting: The Expanded Field (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to upper-division Art majors and minors; ART 330* or ART 431* or equivalent.

Contemporary approaches and concerns in painting practice. Topics to be specified in the Class Schedule. Activity. May be repeated when topics vary for a total of 6 units. Extra fee required.

Topics:

  1. Finding Your Voice
  2. Painting Beyond the Frame
  3. Contemporary Watercolor

ART 534 Mixed Media Painting (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to Art majors and minors; one 300-level* or 400-level* Art course.

Formal, conceptual, and structural aspects of painting using traditional and non-traditional mediums, including water-based mediums, collage, and mechanical reproduction. Activity. May be repeated for a total of 6 units. Extra fee required.

ART 535 Artist's Books (Units: 3)

Prerequisite: Restricted to upper-division standing.

Intensive exploration of the artist book from the perspective of the bookbinder, printmaker, and writer, including the ways in which contemporary artists self-publish. Includes units on the creative process, book structures, and letterpress printing. Activity. May be repeated for a total of 6 units. Extra fee required. (Plus-minus letter only)

ART 536 Advanced Topics in Printmaking (Units: 3)

Prerequisite: ART 335* or ART 435* or another upper-division printmaking course or permission of the instructor.

Investigation of specific printmaking processes, techniques, and different conceptual approaches to the medium. Topics to be specified in the Class Schedule. Activity. May be repeated when topics vary. Extra fee required.

Topics:

  1. Mixed Media Printmaking
  2. Printmaking Projects Across Process

ART 541 Installation Art (Units: 3)

Prerequisite: Restricted to Art majors and minors; a 300- or 400-level ART course.

Investigation of personal aesthetic and theoretical issues as they relate to creating sculptural installation works where the whole (context/environment) is more than the sum of parts. Activity. May be repeated for a total of 6 units. Extra fee required.

ART 543 Hydrarchy: Nautical Art, Watercraft, and the Art of Resistance (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to Art majors and minors; a 300- or 400-level ART course; or permission of the instructor.

Focus on generating artworks in a variety of media informed by investigation of broad nautical themes, culture, and myth including cultural diaspora, international trade, and native versus invasive ecosystems. Activity. Extra fee required.

ART 545 Ceramic Sculpture (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Upper-division standing; ART 245.

Problems in ceramics. Activity. May be repeated for a total of 9 units. Extra fee required.

ART 546 Glaze Surfaces (Units: 3)

Prerequisite: Upper-division standing or permission of the instructor.

Conducting advanced experiments in the production of a clay body. Calculating, executing, and experimenting with various aspects of the glaze potential. Constructing kilns and participating in their firing. Activity. May be repeated for a total of 6 units. Extra fee required.

ART 548 Glaze Calculation (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to upper-division Art majors and minors; ART 545; or permission of the instructor.

Understanding and experimenting with raw ceramic materials and their use in the formulation of clays and glazes. Basic kiln designs and firing techniques. Emphasis on the proper, safe handling of materials and effective use of material and process. Activity. Extra fee required.

ART 549 Special Topics in Ceramics (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to Art majors and minors; ART 245 or equivalent.

Ceramics workshops in special areas. Topics to be specified in the Class Schedule. May be repeated when topics vary. Activity. Extra fee required. [Formerly ART 645]

Topics:

  1. Clay in Action: Social Practice in Ceramics
  2. Ceramic History/Ceramic Practice

ART 555 The Multiple and Distributed Art (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to Art majors and minors; a 300-* or 400-level* ART course.

Exploration of materials, methods, and meanings of artworks created as multiples and distributed art. Focus on contemporary applications and implications of the multiple in art, with possible processes including sculpture, found object, photography, traditional printmaking, works on paper, and printed ephemera. Activity. Extra fee required.

ART 556 Art and Social Function (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to Art majors and minors; a 300- or 400-level ART course.

Interdisciplinary examination of the role of the artist as citizen through the production of artworks focusing on Social Justice. Research, production/preparation, and action exploring the broadening context in which to display, engage, and intervene in social spaces within the gallery walls and beyond. Topics to be specified in the Class Schedule. May be repeated when topics vary. Activity. [Formerly ART 441]

Topics:

  1. Artist as Citizen and the Public Space
  2. Chicanismo, Latinismo y California
  3. Borders, Boundaries, Change
  4. Artist as Activist
  5. Muralismo

ART 563 Advanced Topics in Photography (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to Art majors and minors; ART 460; or permission of the instructor.

Examination and exploration of the concepts and implementation of the tools and techniques of photographic and lens-based processes and practices. Topics to be specified in the Class Schedule. Activity. May be repeated for a total of 9 units when topics vary. Extra fee required.

Topics:

  1. Ways of Seeing
  2. Photo Documentary
  3. Concepts in Photography: A Survey of the Medium
  4. Advanced Digital Imaging and Printing Techniques
  5. Professional Practice for Photographers
  6. Alternative Processes
  7. Advanced Studio Lighting
  8. Examining Genre
  9. Creative Non-Fiction
  10. Image, Context, Sequence

ART 600 Studio Process and Professional Practices (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to upper-division Art majors; one 500-level Studio Art course.

Interdisciplinary studio capstone that combines research, writing, art making, seminar, and critique to reflect upon work made in previous studio courses and contextualize it within professional and institutional practices. Instruction and practice in developing and sustaining a studio practice including generating ideas, project management, and completion, understanding process, documentation/presentation strategies, exhibition contexts, writing an artist's statement, speaking about work, and preparation for professional opportunities after graduation. Activity. May be repeated for a total of 6 units. (Plus-minus letter grade only)

ART 619 Exhibition Design (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to upper-division Art majors and minors, Museum Studies minors, or graduate students.

Theory and production of exhibitions, including planning, collecting, preparation, annotation, and criticism. Activity. May be repeated for a total of 6 units.

ART 671 Internships in the Visual Arts (Units: 1-3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to upper-division Art majors and minors; GPA of 3.0 or better; a 20th/21st-century Art History course with a grade of B or better.

Internship experience in the arts that include gallery and museum work, studio assistantships, research, etc. (CR/NC grading only) [Formerly ART 570]

ART 685 Projects in the Teaching of Visual Arts (Units: 1-3)

Prerequisites: Permission of the instructor; completion of an equivalent course in the subject matter.

Teaching experiences in art and art history through assigned instructional projects as classroom aides. Training in teaching principles including supervised classroom teaching activities. (Students may earn a maximum of 4 units toward the baccalaureate degree for any course(s) numbered 685 regardless of discipline.)

ART 699 Independent Study (Units: 1-3)

Prerequisites: Upper-division standing; permission of the instructor, advisor, and college dean.

Independent study of some aspect of the field not covered by regular courses under the supervision of a faculty member selected by the student. May be repeated for a total of 4 units with permission of the instructor, adviser, and department chair. Students may not enroll in more than 3 units during any one semester.

ART 704 Interdisciplinary Critique Seminar (Units: 3)

Prerequisite: Restricted to M.F.A. Art students or permission of the instructor and graduate major adviser.

Intensive critical investigation of selected aspects of the visual arts. May be repeated for a total of 18 units.

ART 706 MFA Writing and Research Seminar (Units: 3)

Prerequisite: Restricted to M.F.A. Art students or permission of the instructor.

Provides instruction, support, and experience in research and writing for M.F.A. students. Focuses on developing writing as an activity that complements and feeds artistic practice by looking at historical and contemporary models of artists' writing. Facilitates the development of professional artist research statements and the completion of the M.F.A. thesis report. May be repeated for a total of 6 units.

ART 709 Studio Research and Practice Seminar (Units: 3)

Prerequisite: Restricted to M.F.A. Art students or permission of the instructor.

Sustained, in-depth investigation of specific areas, themes, and theories within art practice and curatorial practice. Primary research may include travel for one-time events, fieldwork, exhibitions, direct community involvement, and interdisciplinary collaboration. May be repeated for a total of 18 units.

ART 750 Seminar in Teaching Art Practice (Units: 3)

Prerequisite: M.F.A. Art students or consent of the instructor.

Development of teaching and related career preparation skills, philosophies, and curriculum planning in art practice fields. Strongly recommended for teaching assistants in ART 850. May be taken by advanced undergraduates preparing for college-level teaching careers in art.

ART 780 Art Processes and Practices: Visiting Artists and Scholars (Units: 3)

Prerequisite: Restricted to M.F.A. Art students with the permission of the instructor.

Introduction to and exploration of specific approaches and processes in individual art practice, including tutorials, writing, discussion, and material research. May be repeated for a total of 12 units. Activity. (CR/NC grading only)

ART 789 Professional Practices for Visual Artists (Units: 3)

Prerequisite: Restricted to M.F.A. Art students.

Deepen the understanding of the practical tools employed by professional contemporary artists, including but not limited to grant writing, work fabrication, exhibition design, daily practice, and professional identity in relation to each student's individual practice. (Plus-minus ABC/NC)

ART 850 Directed Experience in Public Roles for Artists (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to M.F.A. Art student; permission of the supervising instructor and graduate major adviser.

Supervised directed experiences and seminar in the teaching of art and/or internship in other public roles that artists occupy. May be repeated for a total of 6 units. (Plus-minus letter grade only)

ART 882 Tutorial in Studio (Units: 1-3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to M.F.A. Art students; permission of the instructor and graduate major adviser.

Critical direction on a one-to-one basis. Intended to develop a student's individual vision and capabilities as a professional artist. May be repeated for a total of 15 units.

ART 890 Creative Work Research (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: ART 704, ARTH 700, ARTH 705; permission of student's major adviser; must be taken in the semester before acceptance in ART 894.

Development of creative research in the art area with direct application to the creative work project. (CR/NC grading only)

ART 894 Creative Work Project (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Permission of the instructor; approval of Advancement to Candidacy (ATC) for the Master of Fine Arts and Culminating Experience (CE) forms by Graduate Studies. ATC and Proposal for Culminating Experience Requirement forms must be approved by the Graduate Division before enrollment.

May not be repeated unless completed previously for an M.A. at SF State or with the approval of the department chair. (CR/NC/RP grading only)

ART 897 Research Projects in Art (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Restricted to graduate students in the Art M.A. program; ARTH 700, ART 704, ARTH 705, and permission of graduate major adviser.

Development of a problem of major interest to a student with direct application of methods of research, research findings, and production to creative activity in the art area. (Plus-minus letter grade, CR/NC, RP)

ART 898 Master's Thesis (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: ARTH 700, ARTH 701, ARTH 702, ARTH 703, permission of the instructor, and approval of Advancement to Candidacy (ATC) and Culminating Experience (CE) forms by Graduate Studies before registration.

One semester paper demonstrating art historical theory, methods, and research. (CR/NC, RP grading only)

ART 899 Independent Study (Units: 1-3)

Prerequisites: Graduate standing; permission of the instructor.

Independent study of some aspect of the field related to the student's final thesis or project under the supervision of a faculty member. May be repeated for a total of 6 units with permission of the instructor. (CR/NC grading only)