Physics and Astronomy

ASTR 115 Introduction to Astronomy (Units: 3)

Designed for non-science majors (majors should take ASTR 300).
Stonehenge; solar system; sun, stars and stellar evolution, pulsars; black holes; nebulae; galaxies, quasars, big bang, and expanding universe; search for extraterrestrial life. Opportunity for telescopic observation.

Course Attributes:

• B1: Physical Science

ASTR 116 Astronomy Laboratory (Unit: 1)

Prerequisite: ASTR 115 (may be taken concurrently).

Fundamentals of astronomical observation, including optics and spectroscopy. Planetarium exploration of the stars, sun, and moon. Opportunity for telescopic observation.

Course Attributes:

• B3: Lab Science

ASTR 120 Introduction to Astrobiology: Life in the Universe (Units: 3)

Prerequisite: Completion of ELM requirement.

A scientifically quantitative and rigorous examination of topics and processes in astronomy, geology, and biology that bear on the possible formation and evolution of life on other planets. Motivated by the discovery of exoplanets and life in extreme environments.

ASTR 300 Stars, Planets, and the Milky Way (Units: 3)

Prerequisite: PHYS 220 or PHYS 111 with a grade of C- or better.

Quantitative study of stars, stellar evolution, and the Milky Way; emphasis on the observational basis of our knowledge of the Galaxy's structure and contents. Application of Newton's laws to exoplanets, determination of stellar masses, and evidence for dark matter. (Plus-minus letter grade only)

ASTR 301 Observational Astronomy Laboratory (Units: 2)

Prerequisites: ASTR 115 or ASTR 300, PHYS 220 or PHYS 111, with grades of C- or better.

Principles and practices of astronomical observation including telescope and detector design and operation; coordinate and magnitude systems; collection, analysis, and presentation of astronomical data.

ASTR 340GW The Big Bang - GWAR (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: ENG 214 or equivalent with a grade of C or better, PHYS 320 or equivalent with a grade of C- or better.

Introduction to cosmology, from earlier human conceptions of the universe, through the hot big bang and inflation; early universe, nucleosynthesis, dark matter, dark energy, photon, and neutrino backgrounds, and observational tests of cosmology. (ABC/NC grading only)
(This course is offered as ASTR 340GW and PHYS 340GW. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)

Course Attributes:

• Graduation Writing Assessment

ASTR 341 Planetarium Training (Unit: 1)

Prerequisites: ASTR 115, ASTR 116, and consent of instructor.

Planetarium operation, understanding of night sky. Speaking and writing for public and education programs. Laboratory.

ASTR 400 Stellar Astrophysics (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: CSC 309, MATH 245 or MATH 376, PHYS 320, all with grades of C- or better.

Introduction to stellar astrophysics: the birth, life, and death of stars; stellar atmospheres and spectra; stellar interiors; energy generation and transport; star formation; stellar evolution and death; the Solar Cycle and the Sun-Earth connection.
(ASTR 700/ASTR 400 is a paired course offering. Students who complete the course at one level may not repeat the course at the other level.)

ASTR 405 Exoplanetary Science (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: ASTR 115, PHYS 220, PHYS 330, or consent of instructor.

Study of extra-solar planets including history, detection methods, planet formation, and exoplanetary atmospheres. Exploration of statistics of exoplanetary systems, habitability, and placing the Solar System in a larger context.

ASTR 470 Observational Techniques in Astronomy (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: ASTR 300, ASTR 301 recommended, CSC 309 strongly recommended, all with grades of C- or better.

Astronomical instrumentation and data analysis; statistical analysis, CCD photometry, spectroscopy, image processing, instrument design. Classwork, 2 unit; laboratory, 1 unit.
[Formerly paired with ASTR 770. Students who complete the course at one level may not repeat the course at the other level.]

ASTR 498 Astronomy Research Literature (Units: 2)

Prerequisites: ASTR 300, PHYS 320, with grades of C- or better, or consent of instructor.

Critical reading and analysis of current literature in astronomy and astrophysics. Culminating experience for undergraduates.
(ASTR 798/ASTR 498 is a paired course offering. Students who complete the course at one level may not repeat the course at the other level.)

ASTR 685 Projects in the Teaching of Astronomy (Unit: 1)

Prerequisite: ASTR 301 or ASTR 470 with a grade of B or better and consent of instructor.

Methods for effective student teaching in the SF State Observatory and/or Planetarium. Leading of Observatory Open Nights; development and/or presentation of Planetarium shows. May be repeated for a total of 3 units. (Students may earn a maximum of 4 units toward the baccalaureate degree for any course(s) numbered 685 regardless of discipline.)

ASTR 697 Senior Project (Units: 1-3)

Prerequisites: Senior standing; ASTR 470 with a grade of C- or better.

Culminating experience for the B.S. in Physics: Concentration in Astrophysics. Observational or theoretical projects under the direction of department faculty. Student must submit a written report of work accomplished. May be repeated for a total of 6 units.

ASTR 699 Independent Study (Units: 1-3)

Prerequisites: Approval of department and consent of instructor; for advanced students majoring or minoring in astronomy or astrophysics.

Special study in the laboratory, field, or library under the direction of a member of the astronomy faculty. The student must present a written report of the work accomplished to the faculty and to the department. May be repeated for a maximum of 12 units.

ASTR 700 Stellar Astrophysics (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: CSC 309, MATH 245 or MATH 376, PHYS 320, all with grades of C- or better.

Introduction to stellar astrophysics: the birth, life, and death of stars; stellar atmospheres and spectra; stellar interiors; energy generation and transport; star formation; stellar evolution and death; the Solar Cycle and the Sun-Earth connection.
(ASTR 700/ASTR 400 is a paired course offering. Students who complete the course at one level may not repeat the course at the other level.)

ASTR 722 Radiative Processes and Gas Dynamics in Astrophysics (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Graduate standing; ASTR 400, PHYS 370, PHYS 430, PHYS 460, or equivalents; PHYS 785 recommended.

Radiative transfer; bremsstrahlung, Compton scattering, and synchrotron radiation; fluid dynamics and astrophysical shocks. Applications may include accretion, star formation, galaxy formation, star and galaxy clusters, active galactic nuclei, jets, and cosmic ray acceleration.

ASTR 742 Galaxies and Cosmology (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: ASTR 300, PHYS 370, PHYS 430, or equivalents, ASTR 400 or equivalent recommended.

Formation and evolution of galaxies and large-scale structure. Models of hierarchical structure formation in a universe dominated by dark matter. Observational constraints from the discovery of the expansion of the universe to ongoing experiments probing the nature of dark energy.

ASTR 770 Observational Techniques in Astronomy Research (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: CSC 309 or equivalent with a grade of B- or better, ASTR 400 or ASTR 700 or equivalent.

Astronomical photometry, spectroscopy, and astrometry in the research context. Statistical analysis, observational research program design, proposal writing. [Formerly paired with ASTR 470. May not repeat the course at a different level.] Classwork, 2 unit; laboratory, 1 unit. (Plus-minus letter grade only)

ASTR 798 Astronomy Research Literature (Units: 2)

Prerequisites: ASTR 300, PHYS 320, with grades of C- or better, or consent of instructor.

Critical reading and analysis of current literature in astronomy and astrophysics. Culminating experience for undergraduates.
(ASTR 798/ASTR 498 is a paired course offering. Students who complete the course at one level may not repeat the course at the other level.)

PHYS 101 Conceptual Physics (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: High school algebra; score of 50 or above on entry level mathematics (ELM) examination, which must be taken prior to enrollment.

Basic concepts of force, motion, heat, sound, light, electricity, magnetism, and atoms. Suitable as preparation for PHYS 111 and PHYS 121.

Course Attributes:

• B1: Physical Science

PHYS 102 Conceptual Physics Laboratory (Unit: 1)

Prerequisite: Concurrent enrollment in PHYS 101.

Laboratory exercises in basic physics. Extra fee required.

Course Attributes:

• B3: Lab Science

PHYS 111 General Physics I (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: MATH 199 or equivalent; score of 50 or above on entry level mathematics (ELM) examination, which must be taken prior to enrollment; acceptable score on the physics readiness test, which must be taken before the start of the semester; concurrent enrollment in PHYS 112.

Mechanics, heat, and sound using algebra and trigonometry.

Course Attributes:

• B1: Physical Science

PHYS 112 General Physics I Laboratory (Unit: 1)

Prerequisite: Concurrent enrollment in PHYS 111.

Mechanics, heat, and sound. Extra fee required.

Course Attributes:

• B3: Lab Science

PHYS 121 General Physics II (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: PHYS 111; concurrent enrollment in PHYS 122.

Light, electricity, magnetism, atoms, and modern physics.

PHYS 122 General Physics II Laboratory (Unit: 1)

Prerequisite: Concurrent enrollment in PHYS 121.

Light, electricity, magnetism, atoms, and modern physics. Extra fee required.

PHYS 220 General Physics with Calculus I (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: High school physics or equivalent; satisfactory score on physics placement examination; MATH 226 with a grade of C or better; concurrent enrollment in PHYS 222, MATH 227.

Basic mechanics. Calculus is used in examples and problems. Optional tutorial discussion.

Course Attributes:

• B1: Physical Science

PHYS 222 General Physics with Calculus I Laboratory (Unit: 1)

Prerequisite: Concurrent enrollment in PHYS 220.

Experiments in mechanics. Extra fee required.

Course Attributes:

• B3: Lab Science

PHYS 230 General Physics with Calculus II (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: PHYS 220, MATH 227, with grades of C or better; concurrent enrollment in PHYS 232, MATH 228 recommended.

Introduction to electricity and magnetism. Calculus is used in examples and problems.

PHYS 232 General Physics with Calculus II Laboratory (Unit: 1)

Prerequisite: Concurrent enrollment in PHYS 230.

Experiments in electricity and magnetism. Extra fee required.

PHYS 240 General Physics with Calculus III (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: PHYS 220, MATH 227, with grades of C or better; concurrent enrollment in PHYS 242, MATH 228 recommended; recommended for Physics majors.

Wave motion, optics, and thermodynamics.

PHYS 242 General Physics with Calculus III Laboratory (Unit: 1)

Prerequisite: Concurrent enrollment in PHYS 240.

Experiments in wave motion, optics, and thermodynamics.

PHYS 320 Modern Physics I (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: PHYS 230, PHYS 240, MATH 228, with grades of C or better.

Introduction to special relativity, quantum phenomena, the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, and the Schrödinger equation.

PHYS 321 Modern Physics Laboratory (Units: 2)

Prerequisite: Concurrent enrollment in PHYS 320.

Experiments on quantum physics and other phenomena of modern physics. Methods of data and error analysis. Classwork, 1 unit; laboratory, 1 unit.

PHYS 325 Modern Physics II (Units: 3)

Prerequisite: PHYS 320 with a grade of C- or better.

Physics of multi-electron atoms including L and S coupling schemes and optical spectra; elementary concepts of nuclear and elementary particle physics; use of four-vectors to analyze particle collisions and decays.

PHYS 330 Analytical Mechanics I (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: PHYS 230, MATH 245 or MATH 376, with grades of C- or better.

Vector analysis, fundamentals of statics, kinematics, and dynamics of rigid bodies and systems of particles.

PHYS 340GW The Big Bang - GWAR (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: ENG 214 or equivalent with a grade of C or better, PHYS 320 or equivalent with a grade of C- or better.

Introduction to cosmology, from earlier human conceptions of the universe, through the hot big bang and inflation; early universe, nucleosynthesis, dark matter, dark energy, photon, and neutrino backgrounds, and observational tests of cosmology. (ABC/NC grading only)
(This course is offered as ASTR 340GW and PHYS 340GW. Students may not repeat the course under an alternate prefix.)

Course Attributes:

• Graduation Writing Assessment

PHYS 360 Electricity and Magnetism I (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: PHYS 230, PHYS 330, PHYS 385, with grades of C- or better.

Electrostatics, including boundary-value problems, fields in polarizable media, magnetostatics.

PHYS 370 Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: PHYS 240, PHYS 320, MATH 228, with grades of C or better.

Classical thermodynamics, kinetic theory, and elementary statistical mechanics. Applications may include quantum statistics, black-body radiation, paramagnetic spin systems, and low-temperature phenomena.

PHYS 385 Introduction to Theoretical Physics I (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: PHYS 240/PHYS 242 with grades of C- or better; concurrent enrollment in PHYS 330.

Principles of theoretical physics. Theoretical techniques applied throughout mechanics, electricity and magnetism, optics, relativity, quantum mechanics, etc. Applications of vector and tensor spaces, coordinate systems, and group theory.

PHYS 430 Quantum Mechanics I (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: PHYS 320, PHYS 360 (may be taken concurrently), PHYS 385, and MATH 245 or MATH 376, with grades of C- or better.

Postulates of quantum mechanics, one-dimensional problems, barriers and the WKB approximation, angular momentum, and hydrogen atom.

PHYS 431 Quantum Mechanics II (Units: 3)

Prerequisite: PHYS 430 with a grade of C- or better.

Problems in three dimensions, matrix mechanics, spin, application to atomic and molecular physics, perturbation theory, and scattering.

PHYS 440 Computational Physics (Units: 4)

Prerequisites: PHYS 320, PHYS 430 or PHYS 460, CSC 309 or CSC 210 (or equivalent by consent of instructor), with grades of C- or better.

Analysis and simulation of physical systems by computer. Differential equations, chaos theory, spin systems, Monte Carlo method, neural networks, and theory of computation. Classwork, 3 units; laboratory, 1 unit. (Plus-minus letter grade only)
(PHYS 740/PHYS 440 is a paired course offering. Students who complete the course at one level may not repeat the course at the other level.)

PHYS 450 Introduction to Solid State Physics (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: PHYS 320, MATH 245 or MATH 376, with grades of C- or better.

Crystal structure, x-ray diffraction, lattice vibrations, models of electrical conductivity; electron energy bands in crystals; electrons and holes in semiconductors.

PHYS 457 Introduction to Analog Electronics (Units: 4)

Prerequisites: PHYS 121 or PHYS 230, MATH 226, with grades of C- or better.

Linear network analysis techniques; phasors; diodes; bipolar junction transistors; field-effect transistors; operational amplifiers. Classwork, 3 units; laboratory, 1 unit.

PHYS 460 Electricity and Magnetism II (Units: 3)

Prerequisite: PHYS 360 with a grade of C- or better.

Maxwell's equations; waves in free space and in dielectrics; reflection and refraction; radiation; special-relativistic transformation of the electromagnetic field.

PHYS 480 Introduction to Optics & Photonics (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: PHYS 230 and PHYS 240, PHYS 320 and PHYS 385 recommended, with grades of C- or better.

Ray optics, including optical fibers and instruments. Wave optics, including interference, diffraction, electromagnetic waves and polarization. Selected topics including beam optics, Fourier optics, photonic-crystal optics, laser basics, holography.

PHYS 490 Physics Project Laboratory (Units: 2)

Prerequisites: ENG 214 or equivalent with a grade of C or better, PHYS 321 with a grade of C- or better.

Experiments from the fields of atomic, nuclear, solid-state, and optical physics with emphasis on electronic instrumentation and computer-assisted data acquisition. Classwork, 1 unit; laboratory, 1 unit. (Effective Fall 2010, completion of PHYS 490 and PHYS 491GW with a grade of C or better culminates in the satisfaction of GWAR.) (ABC/NC grading only)

PHYS 491GW Advanced Laboratory II - GWAR (Unit: 1)

Prerequisite: PHYS 490 with a grade of C or better.

Advanced laboratory work in atomic, nuclear, solid state, and optical physics. Preparation of publication-quality reports and oral presentations on experiments. (Satisfies GWAR when taken Fall 2010 and thereafter, in sequence with PHYS 490 and completed with a grade of C or better.)

Course Attributes:

• Graduation Writing Assessment

PHYS 495 Introduction to Apparatus Fabrication (Unit: 1)

Prerequisites: Physics major; PHYS 490 with a grade of C- or better; consent of instructor.

Laboratory work with materials, machine tools (lathe, mill, etc.), and fabrication methods for the production of experimental research apparatus. Safety considerations.

PHYS 695 Culminating Experience in Physics (Unit: 1)

Prerequisite: Final semester of a Physics degree program.

Preparation of a portfolio of work completed in classes required for the degree. The final examination will be the ETS physics major field test.

PHYS 697 Senior Project (Units: 1-3)

Prerequisites: PHYS 490; consent of faculty adviser.

Participation in experimental or theoretical project under the direction of faculty member. Written report of specific observations and calculations required. May be repeated with consent of advisor.

PHYS 699 Independent Study (Units: 1-3)

Prerequisite: Approval of department and consent of instructor.

Study in the laboratory or library under the direction of a member of the department. For students majoring or minoring in physics. Student must present a detailed written report of the work accomplished to the department. May be repeated for a total of 12 units.

PHYS 701 Classical Mechanics (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Graduate standing; PHYS 460 (may be taken concurrently), PHYS 785 recommended.

Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics; motion in arbitrary central force potentials; canonical transformation theory; Liouville's theorem; computer visualizations of phase space trajectories and topologies; collisionless Boltzmann equation applied to stellar dynamics; Jeans theorems, orbital anisotropy, and phase space distribution functions.

PHYS 704 Electricity and Magnetism I (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: PHYS 785, PHYS 460, PHYS 701 recommended.

Boundary-value problems in electrostatics, magnetostatics; Maxwell's equations and the causal structure of electrodynamics; plane waves and wave propagation.

PHYS 706 Quantum Mechanics (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: PHYS 701, PHYS 785.

Bound states, collision theory, matrix mechanics, symmetry and groups, perturbation theory.

PHYS 710 Advanced Laboratory Techniques (Units: 3)

Prerequisite: PHYS 490.

Techniques of electronic instrumentation, computerized data acquisition, digital signal processing, and data analysis designed to prepare the student for experimental research work in academic and industrial laboratories. Classwork, 2 units; laboratory, 1 unit.

PHYS 711 Semiconductor Devices and Technology (Units: 3)

Prerequisite: PHYS 450 with a grade of C or better.

Physical principles of semiconductor devices based upon mestructures. Introduction to integrated circuit fabrication technology structures.

PHYS 712 Physics of Plasmas (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Graduate standing; PHYS 460; PHYS 701 or PHYS 785 recommended.

Fundamental properties of plasmas. Motion of charged particles in electromagnetic fields. Kinetic theory of plasmas, including the Boltzmann and Vlasov equations. Fluid theory of plasmas, including magnetohydrodynamics. Waves and instabilities. Applications to controlled thermonuclear fusion and space physics.

PHYS 714 Low-Temperature Physics (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: PHYS 360, PHYS 430, with grades of C or better.

Low temperature thermal and electrical behavior of materials; theories of superconductivity and superfluidity; superconducting devices including Josephson junctions, quantum interference devices and cryogenic phonon.

PHYS 715 Lasers and Quantum Optics (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: PHYS 430, PHYS 460.

Atom-field interaction, stimulated emission, dipole oscillations, the ammonia maser, semi-classical laser theory, coherent states, quantum laser theory, Fourier optics, and holographic interferometry.

PHYS 725 Special and General Relativity (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Graduate standing; PHYS 701 (may be taken concurrently); PHYS 785 recommended.

Tensor formulation of special relativity with astrophysical applications. Riemannian geometry. The Einstein field equations applied to Mercury's orbit, black holes, gravitational lensing, cosmology, and interstellar travel. Computer visualizations of spacetimes and orbits.

PHYS 726 Quantum Field Theory (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: PHYS 430, PHYS 431, PHYS 706.

Relativistic wave equations; quantization of the scalar, Dirac, and Maxwell fields. The LSZ reduction formula for S-matrix elements. Path-Integral evaluation of time-ordered products. Tree-level Feynman diagrams in quantum electrodynamics, and an introduction to non-abelian gauge theory.

PHYS 730 Photonics and Nano Materials (Units: 2)

Prerequisites: Graduate standing or PHYS 230, PHYS 240, PHYS 320, PHYS 360.

Physical principles and cutting-edge research on photonics, nanomaterials, and soft condensed matter physics. (Plus-minus letter grade only)

PHYS 740 Computational Physics (Units: 4)

Prerequisites: PHYS 320, PHYS 430 or PHYS 460, CSC 309 or CSC 210 (or equivalent by consent of instructor), with grades of C- or better.

Analysis and simulation of physical systems by computer. Differential equations, chaos theory, spin systems, Monte Carlo method, neural networks, and theory of computation. Classwork, 3 units; laboratory, 1 unit. (Plus-minus letter grade only)
(PHYS 740/PHYS 440 is a paired course offering. Students who complete the course at one level may not repeat the course at the other level.)

PHYS 775 Statistical Physics (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: PHYS 370, MATH 376, PHYS 385.

Statistical methods in physics: probability, phase space, distribution functions, partition functions. Maxwell-Boltzmann, Fermi-Dirac, and Bose-Einstein statistics. Phase transitions, Monte Carlo method, transport theory. (Plus-minus letter grade only)

PHYS 785 Theoretical Physics (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: PHYS 360, PHYS 460 (may be taken concurrently).

Advanced concepts and techniques in mathematics applied to problems in physics. Applications in mechanics, electricity and magnetism, and fluids. (Plus-minus letter grade only)

PHYS 832 Instructional Methods in Physics (Units: 2)

Prerequisite: Graduate standing or consent of instructor; must have concurrent GTA appointment.

Instructional methods for the teaching of physics laboratories: the introductory lecture, laboratory safety procedures, supervision of laboratory students, proper handling of equipment and demonstrations, best practices in maintaining lab logbooks and writing lab reports. Maybe repeated for a total of 4 units. (CR/NC grading only)

PHYS 885 Projects in Teaching Physics/Astronomy (Units: 1-3)

Prerequisite: Graduate standing.

Learning experience and pedagogical strategies and principles of teaching and learning physics and/or astronomy. One unit is required of students in their first GTA position. May be repeated for a total of 6 units. (CR/NC only)

PHYS 890 Introduction to Physics Research (Units: 1-3)

Prerequisite: Graduate standing.

Introduction to methods of physics research. May be repeated for a total of 5 units. (CR/NC only)

PHYS 891 Physics Research Design (Units: 1-3)

Prerequisites: Passed Level 1 Written English Proficiency Requirement and have research project approved.

Elements of Physics/Astronomy research proposals: literature review, project significance, and feasibility, materials and methods, budget, data analysis and presentation, statistical significance, reference notation. May be repeated for a total of 4 units.

PHYS 896 Directed Reading in Physics (Units: 1-3)

Prerequisite: Graduate standing.

Readings/tutorials to achieve better understanding of specific topics based on individual student need. Focus on review and integration of core concepts in preparation for the comprehensive oral examination. (Does not count toward MS degree requirements.) (CR/NC only)

PHYS 896EXM Culminating Experience Examination (Units: 0-3)

Prerequisites: Consent of instructor, committee chair, and approval of Advancement to Candidacy (ATC) and Culminating Experience (CE) forms by Graduate Studies. ATC and Proposal for Culminating Experience Requirement forms must be approved by the Graduate Division before registration.

Enrollment in 896EXAM required for students whose culminating experience consists of an examination only. Not for students enrolled in a culminating experience course numbered PHYS 898 (or in some cases, course number PHYS 890 - see program's graduate advisor for further information). (CR/NC, RP))

PHYS 897 Research (Units: 1-3)

Prerequisite: Completed undergraduate major in physics.

Independent and original laboratory investigation under supervision of a staff member. May be repeated.

PHYS 898 Master's Thesis (Units: 3)

Prerequisites: Consent of instructor and approval of Advancement to Candidacy (ATC) and Culminating Experience (CE) forms by Graduate Studies.

Advancement to Candidacy and Proposal for Culminating Experience Requirement forms must be approved by the Graduate Division before registration. (CR/NC grading only)

PHYS 899 Independent Study (Units: 1-3)

Prerequisite: Approval of department and consent of instructor.

Study in the laboratory or library under the direction of a member of the department. For graduate students in physics. The student must present a detailed written report of the work accomplished to the department. May be repeated.